Three frameworks, one method
Mendeleev 1869
Problem
60+ elements,
no systematic theory
Contribution
Structure + commit to gaps
as predictions. Taxonomy
that predicts, not just
classifies.
Standard model
Problem
Why does the table have
the structure it does?
Contribution
Fermion vs boson: matter
vs force. Taxonomy is
demanded by deeper
physics.
OSI model 1984
Problem
Network complexity:
where do boundaries go?
Contribution
Layer boundaries from
dependency relations,
not convention. Period
is derived, not assigned.
ASM applies all three